Muhammadiyah Medical Journal

Growth Inhibition Effect of Syzygium aromaticum Ethanol Extract on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Tsabita Rana Kamila — 2025-09-05

Background: MRSA is the leading cause of death caused by antimicrobial resistance. The distribution of MRSA occurs globally, and the incidence rate is around 30 per 100,000 people per year. Cloves had antimicrobial properties that were tested in both resistant and susceptible clones. Purpose: To determine the growth inhibition effect of clove flower ethanol extract on the growth of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods: This research uses an experimental design. Clove extract will be analyzed using gas mass chromatography-spectrometry (GC-MS). MSSA isolate was taken from S.aureus ATCC 25913, and MRSA was taken from nasal swabs. The concentrations of the ethanol extract of cloves used are 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. All ethanol extract concentrations from cloves will be tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The magnitude of the barrier zone determines the antibacterial properties. Results: The results of the GC-MS analysis showed three main antibacterial compounds, including eugenol, phenol, and caryophyllene. The average inhibitory zones of the antibacterial test at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% clove flower ethanol extract against MSSA were 16 mm, 16.33 mm, 17.67 mm, 18.33 mm, and 18.33 mm, respectively. The results of the average calculation of the inhibition zone in MRSA according to each concentration of clove flower ethanol extract were 11 mm, 12 mm, 13 mm, 14.33 mm, and 15.67 mm. Conclusion: Cloves have antibacterial properties, as confirmed by studies showing a zero zone in the MSSA and MRSA antibacterial sensitivity test, with the best concentration being 100% ethanol extract. The study's results show that the antibacterial effect of cloves affects MSSA more than MRSA.

Medical Students' Perceptions of the Clinical Reasoning in Large Classes at the Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta

Nabilla Aulia Maharani — 2025-09-05

Background: Clinical reasoning (CR) is essential for all doctors, enabling them to manage patient problems effectively. Poor CR ability can lead to medical errors. The medical study program at the Faculty of Medicine and Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta (MP-UMJ), has introduced an innovative CR learning method, Clinical Reasoning in Large Class (CRILC). However, there is a lack of research on the perceptions of MP-UMJ students regarding this learning method. Therefore, this study aims to investigate and present the perceptions of MP-UMJ medical students regarding CRILC. Methods: This research used a mixed method with a concurrent study design. The research was conducted in October-November 2023 among students of the Medical Study Program, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta. Secondary data obtained from the student questionnaire survey regarding the CRILC evaluation held by the lecturer in charge of the block is used in this research. A total of 100 sample answers were taken for analysis. Quantitative data was processed using SPSS and NVivo12 for the qualitative data. Results: The study revealed a positive perception among MP-UMJ medical students towards CRILC, highlighting its effectiveness and potential for broader adoption. Positive perception was obtained regarding students' impressions and benefits after participating in CRILC. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is the method that most helps students participate in CRILC. Determining patient assessment is the most frequently experienced difficulty during CRILC. Most students think that the CRILC method has been implemented well. Conclusion: MP-UMJ medical students have a positive perception of the CRILC.

Comparison of Manifestations in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with Conventional and Electric Cigarettes Smoking Habits

Rahma Ayu Larasati — 2025-09-10

Background: Despite being a preventable and curable disease, Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major global health threat and the second leading cause of death due to an infectious agent worldwide. Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is a key risk factor for both active and latent TB. Recently, E-cigarettes became widely known as a healthy alternative to conventional smoking, although their impact on TB is not yet well understood. Purposes: The objective of this study is to compare the clinical characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis patients among users of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes. Methods: This is a descriptive observational analytic study with a sectional design and a purposive sampling technique to obtain 52 samples. The clinical manifestations were assessed by interview and secondary data. The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test in SPSS. Laboratory findings and other data were investigated from medical records. Result: This study found that 60.7% are conventional smokers and 39.3% are e-cigarette smokers. This study also found no significant differences in terms of treatment duration (p = 0.752), drug sensitivity test (p = 0.826), and leukocyte level (p = 0.402). Conclusion: This study deduced that tuberculotic smoker patients who smoke conventional or e-cigarettes develop the same clinical manifestation.