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Potensi Moringa Oleifera sebagai Agen Neuroprotektif pada Kondisi Penuaan di Otak
Abstract
Penyakit neurodegeneratif merupakan penyakit yang banyak menimbulkan kejadian morbiditas dan mortalitas pada lansia. Selama proses penuaan, secara progresif kemampuan fungsional otak akan menurun. Penuaan otak dapat dimanifestasikan sebagai penurunan memori dan kognitif, yang biasanya terjadi oleh karena perubahan plastisitas struktural dendritik yang dapat berkembang menjadi penyakit neurodegeneratif. Sampai saat ini, belum ada pengobatan yang efektif untuk penyakit neurodegeneratif. Beberapa obat digunakan untuk menghilangkan gejala meskipun biasanya menimbulkan banyak efek samping. Oleh karena itu penelitian dan pengembangan obat dari berbagai tumbuhan yang memiliki efek neuroprotektif sebagai suplemen untuk memperbaiki fungsi otak banyak dilakukan. Kelor (Moringa oleifera (MO)) diketahui mempunyai aktivitas anti inflamasi, antiapoptosis, disamping juga memiliki nilai gizi yang baik. Komponen bioaktif yang terdapat dalam ekstrak MO diantaranya polifenol, saponin, tannin, isothiocyanate dan flavonoid diduga berperan sebagai neuroprotektif. Mekanisme molekuler yang terlibat pada MO sebagai neuroprotektif adalah jalur Nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF‐kB) dan Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), glukosinolat yang terdapat dalam MO akan terhidrolisis menjadi isothiocyanate yang akan secara langsung berinteraksi dengan Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) di sitoplasma dan menyebabkan translokasi Nrf2 ke nukleus, selanjutnya Nrf2 akan berikatan dengan Antioxidant response element (ARE) yang akan menghasilkan enzim-enzim detoksifikasi. Selain itu Nrf2 juga menghambat translokasi NFkB ke nukleus sehingga menekan ekspresi sitokin Interleukin (IL) dan Tumor nuclear factor-α (TNF-α) yang berperan dalam inflamasi. Mekanisme lain yang mungkin adalah jalur pensinyalan Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). Dengan demikian MO berpotensi kuat sebagai agen neuroprotektif pada penuaan otak.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24853/mujg.4.2.138-151
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